1.  Principle of Non-Contradiction. A statement and its negation cannot both be true.

Example a: It is raining -- It is not raining.
Example b: All men are mortals -- Not all men are mortals.

2.  Principle of Identity. A statement's contention asserts fully and only that contention.

Example a: It is raining. This means that it is raining.

3.  Principle of Excluded Middle. The statement or its negation must be true.

Example a: It is raining -- It is not raining. One of them must be true.

4.  Principle of Sufficient Reason. Whether a statement, a fact, or a course of thinking is valid depends upon whether it is more reasonable to accept than not to accept.

Mikamar Publishing and the editors of the thunderbolts.info site are dedicated to being circumspect and honorable in their presentation of material and their arguments for support of positions. We pledge ourselves to be consistent with the valid principles of thought.